S. pneumoniae is difficult to diagnose in the laboratory. This is because of a multitude of factors playing their part in the diagnosis of non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia which accounts for the major burden of pneumococcal diseases. Some of these key factors are as follows:
S. pneumoniae is a difficult organism to diagnose in the laboratory.1 Some salient points about the tests used for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infections are as follows.
This is the most frequently used method for pneumococcal diagnosis. The ability of diagnosis using this method is very limited as it requires living bacteria to grow which may not be possible in cases of autolysis, prior antibiotic use, etc. Transport and processing delays, and use of appropriate culture medium (e.g. sheep blood instead of human blood) are other challenges. Because of all these challenges, the isolation of pneumococci from the sputum culture is currently possible in <30% of the actual cases. Antibiotic sensitivity and serotyping can be done from cultured isolates by using further methods and processes. Serotyping can be done by latex agglutination. However, serotyping is not done routinely in clinical practice and is carried out only for research purposes. Results (particularly for the sputum culture) may be falsely positive because it may be the normal flora of the respiratory tract rather than the causative organism of the infection.1,3
ACIP, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PPSV23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
References:
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PP-PRV-IND-0268 July 2022
Help protect your adult patients against pneumococcal pneumonia with single-dose administration
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The ACIP recommends routine use of PCV13 among adults
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